Negin Khpolwak, a student at the Afghanistan National Institute of Music, has raised the baton to become Afghanistan’s first female conductor. In a country where the Taliban once banned music, the female students have made history by performing their first concert with Khpolwak conducting.

The Afghanistan National Institute of Music was established in June 2010, with music teachers employed from Afghanistan as well as the US, Australia, Russia and India. It currently has 200 students, including a quarter who are girls. The Institute’s founder and director Dr Ahmad Naser Sarmast has contended with violent opposition, including a suicide bomb attack in December 2014 in which he was injured. ‘We are standing against violence and terror with our arts and culture, particularly with music,’ he says.